DETERMINANTS AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY AMONG PREGNANT
Keywords:
Antenatal Care, Chronic Energy Deficiency, Intergenerational Stunting, Low Birth Weight, Maternal NutritionAbstract
Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) remains a major nutritional issue among pregnant women in Indonesia, leading to various adverse maternal, prenatal, and neonatal outcomes. Despite targeted interventions, the prevalence of CED remains high in several sub regions due to complex socio-demographic, cultural, and healthcare access-related determinants. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically synthesize and analyze the multidimensional determinants of CED among pregnant women and its subsequent clinical outcomes on both mothers and offspring. Methods: A systematic review and meta-synthesis
of 15 high-quality studies published in Indonesia between 2021 and 2025 were conducted. A total pooled sample of 1,514 pregnant women and postpartum dyads was analyzed. Strategic outcomes including regression metrics, chi-square correlations, and descriptive variables were systematically tabulated. Results: The synthesized evidence revealed a maternal KEK/CED prevalence ranging from 15.9% to 66.2% across multiple regions. The most critical risk factors identified include a short interpregnancy interval of <24 months (OR: 5.35–7.30), low socioeconomic/income status (p < 0.05), low nutritional knowledge (p < 0.01), high parity, and low macronutrient/protein-energy intake. Clinical sequelae significantly linked to maternal CED include maternal anemia (p < 0.001), low birth weight (LBW/BBLR) (p = 0.026), and a highly elevated risk of childhood stunting (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Maternal CED in Indonesia is a multifaceted clinical and social issue. Targeted strategies must integrate intensive maternal nutritional education, economic support, family planning spacing compliance, and comprehensive antenatal care screening.
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