LITERATUR RIVIEW ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PREECLAMPSIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Abstract

Preeclampsia remains one of the pregnancy complications that significantly contributes to increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in various countries, including Indonesia. Numerous studies indicate that the occurrence of preeclampsia is not influenced by a single factor, but rather results from the interaction of multiple risk factors such as maternal age, parity, history of hypertension, nutritional status, obesity, and the quality of antenatal care services. This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal age and parity with the incidence of preeclampsia based on a review of 16 national and international scientific articles published between 2007 and 2025. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive analytical approach, incorporating various research designs such as cross-sectional, case-control, retrospective descriptive, narrative review, and other literature-based studies. The findings show that most studies report a significant relationship between maternal age and preeclampsia, particularly among women aged <20 years and >35 years, who have a higher risk compared to those aged 20–35 years. Parity also demonstrates a meaningful association, where primiparous women are more frequently affected by preeclampsia than multiparous women, although some studies report inconsistent results. Overall, maternal age and parity are associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia; however, the condition is multifactorial in nature, requiring early detection and optimal pregnancy monitoring to prevent further complications.